Apa tikuwonetsa njira 10 zoumba pulasitiki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.Werengani kuti mudziwe zambiri.
1. Kuumba jekeseni
2. Kuwomba Kuumba
3. Extrusion Molding
4. Calendar (mapepala, filimu)
5. Compression Kuumba
6. Compression jekeseni Akamaumba
7. Kujambula Kozungulira
8. Eight, Pulasitiki Drop Molding
9. Kupanga matuza
10. Kujambula kwa Slush
1. Kuumba jekeseni
Mfundo yopangira jakisoni ndikuwonjezera zopangira za granular kapena powdery mu hopper ya makina ojambulira, ndipo zopangira zimatenthedwa ndikusungunuka kukhala madzimadzi.Motsogozedwa ndi screw kapena pisitoni yamakina a jakisoni, imalowa mu nkhungu kudzera pamphuno ndi njira yolumikizira nkhungu ndikuumitsa ndi mawonekedwe mu nkhungu.Zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa jekeseni: kuthamanga kwa jakisoni, nthawi ya jekeseni, ndi kutentha kwa jekeseni.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
Ubwino:
(1) Kuzungulira kwakanthawi kochepa, kuchita bwino kwambiri, komanso makina osavuta.
(2) Ikhoza kupanga zigawo zapulasitiki zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, miyeso yolondola, ndi zitsulo kapena zosapanga zitsulo.
(3) Khalidwe lazinthu lokhazikika.
(4) Kusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana.
Zochepa:
(1) Mtengo wa zida zopangira jekeseni ndizokwera kwambiri.
(2) Mapangidwe a nkhungu ya jekeseni ndizovuta.
(3) Mtengo wopangira ndi wokwera, nthawi yopangira ndi yayitali, ndipo siyoyenera kupanga magawo apulasitiki ang'onoang'ono.
Ntchito:
Pazinthu zamafakitale, zinthu zopangidwa ndi jekeseni zimaphatikizapo zinthu zakukhitchini (zotengera zinyalala, mbale, zidebe, miphika, zotengera patebulo, ndi zotengera zosiyanasiyana), zida zamagetsi (zowumitsira tsitsi, zotsukira, zosakaniza zakudya, ndi zina), zoseweretsa ndi masewera, magalimoto. Zogulitsa zosiyanasiyana zamakampani, magawo azinthu zina zambiri, etc.
1) Lowetsani jekeseni Woumba
Insert akamaumba amatanthauza jakisoni wa utomoni pambuyo pokweza zoyikapo zokonzekera kale za zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu nkhungu.Njira yopangira momwe zinthu zosungunulira zimamangiriridwa ndi choyikapo ndikulimbitsidwa kuti apange chinthu chophatikizika.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
(1) Kuphatikizika koyambirira kwa zoyika zingapo kumapangitsa kuti uinjiniya wazinthu zophatikizidwira zamagulu aziwoneka bwino.
(2) Kuphatikizika kwa mawonekedwe osavuta komanso kupindika kwa utomoni ndi kukhazikika, mphamvu, ndi kukana kutentha kwachitsulo zitha kupangidwa kukhala zinthu zovuta komanso zokongola zachitsulo-pulasitiki.
(3) Makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa kutchinjiriza kwa utomoni ndi ma conductivity achitsulo, zinthu zopangidwa zimatha kukwaniritsa ntchito zoyambira zamagetsi.
(4) Pazinthu zowumbidwa zolimba komanso zopindika zopindika zopindika pamapadi osindikiza mphira, pambuyo pa jekeseni pagawo lapansi kuti mupange chinthu chophatikizika, ntchito yovuta yokonza mphete yosindikizira imatha kusiyidwa, kupangitsa kuti kuphatikiza kwanthawi yayitali kukhale kosavuta. .
2) Kumangirira kwamitundu iwiri
Kuumba jekeseni wamitundu iwiri kumatanthauza njira yopangira jekeseni mapulasitiki amitundu iwiri mu nkhungu imodzi.Zitha kupangitsa kuti pulasitiki iwoneke mumitundu iwiri yosiyana komanso imapangitsa kuti zigawo za pulasitiki zikhale zokhazikika kapena zosakhazikika za moiré, kuti zithandizire kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kukongola kwa zigawo zapulasitiki.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
(1) Zomwe zili pachimake zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsika kukhuthala kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwa jekeseni.
(2) Poganizira zachitetezo cha chilengedwe, zida zapakati zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zachiwiri zobwezerezedwanso.
(3) Malinga ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, zinthu zofewa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikopa cha zinthu zokhuthala, ndipo zolimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachimake.Kapena zida zapakati zitha kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki ya thovu kuti muchepetse kulemera.
(4) Zida zotsika kwambiri zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa ndalama.
(5) Chikopa kapena zinthu zapakati zimatha kupangidwa ndi zinthu zodula zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zapadera zapamtunda, monga anti-electromagnetic wave interference, high conductivity magetsi, ndi zipangizo zina.Izi zitha kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito azinthu.
(6) Kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zinthu zapakhungu ndi zinthu zapakatikati kumatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kotsalira kwa zinthu zowumbidwa, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamakina kapena katundu wapamtunda.
3) Njira Yopangira jekeseni wa Microfoam
Njira yopangira jakisoni wa Microfoam ndiukadaulo wopangira jakisoni wolondola kwambiri.Chogulitsacho chimadzazidwa ndi kufalikira kwa pores, ndipo kupanga mankhwala kumatsirizidwa pansi pa kupanikizika kochepa komanso kwapakati.
Njira yopangira thovu ya microcellular imatha kugawidwa m'magawo atatu:
Choyamba, madzimadzi apamwamba kwambiri (carbon dioxide kapena nitrogen) amasungunuka muzitsulo zotentha zosungunuka kuti apange njira imodzi yokha.Ndiye jekeseni mu nkhungu patsekeke pa kutentha otsika ndi kuthamanga kudzera lophimba nozzle.Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kuwira phata amapangidwa mu mankhwala chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa maselo chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga.Mitsempha ya thovuli imakula pang'onopang'ono kupanga timabowo ting'onoting'ono.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
(1) Kuumba jekeseni molondola.
(2) Kupititsa patsogolo zolepheretsa zambiri zamapangidwe a jakisoni.Ikhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri kulemera kwa workpiece ndikufupikitsa kuzungulira kuumba.
(3) The warping deformation ndi dimensional bata la workpiece ndi bwino kwambiri.
Ntchito:
Ma dashboards agalimoto, mapanelo a zitseko, ma ducts owongolera mpweya, ndi zina.
4) Nano Injection Molding (NMT)
NMT (Nano Molding Technology) ndi njira yophatikizira zitsulo ndi pulasitiki ndi nanotechnology.Pambuyo pazitsulo zowonongeka ndi nano, pulasitiki imayikidwa mwachindunji pamwamba pazitsulo, kotero kuti zitsulo ndi pulasitiki zikhoza kupangidwa pamodzi.Nano akamaumba luso lagawidwa mitundu iwiri ya njira malinga ndi malo pulasitiki:
(1) Pulasitiki ndikumangirira kofunikira kwa malo osawoneka.
(2) Pulasitiki imapangidwa kuti ikhale yakunja.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
(1) Chogulitsacho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo komanso mawonekedwe ake.
(2) Kuchepetsa kapangidwe ka magawo amakina a chinthucho, kupangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zopepuka, zowonda, zazifupi, zocheperako, komanso zotsika mtengo kuposa kukonza CNC.
(3) Chepetsani ndalama zopangira komanso mphamvu zomangirira kwambiri, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofananira.
Zida zachitsulo ndi utomoni:
(1) Aluminiyamu, magnesium, mkuwa, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, titaniyamu, chitsulo, kanasonkhezereka pepala, mkuwa.
(2) The kusinthika kwa aloyi zotayidwa ndi wamphamvu, kuphatikizapo 1000 kuti 7000 mndandanda.
(3) Utoto umaphatikizapo PPS, PBT, PA6, PA66, ndi PPA.
(4) PPS ili ndi mphamvu zomatira zolimba kwambiri (3000N/c㎡).
Ntchito:
Nkhani ya foni yam'manja, laputopu, etc.
Kuwomba Kuumba
Kuwomba ndikumangirira zinthu zosungunula za thermoplastic zomwe zimatuluka kuchokera ku extruder kulowa mu nkhungu, kenako ndikuwuzira mpweya muzopangira.Zopangira zitsulo zosungunuka zimakula pansi pa mphamvu ya mpweya ndipo zimamatira ku khoma la nkhungu.Pomaliza, njira kuzirala ndi kulimba mu ankafuna mankhwala mawonekedwe.Kujambula kwa kuwombera kumagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: kuumba filimu ndi kuumba kopanda phokoso.
1) Kuwomba Mafilimu
Kuwomba filimu ndiko kutulutsa pulasitiki yosungunuka mu chubu chopyapyala chozungulira kuchokera pampata wapachaka wa kufa kwa mutu wa extruder.Nthawi yomweyo, womberani mpweya woponderezedwa mkati mwa chubu chopyapyala kuchokera pabowo lapakati la mutu wamakina.Chubu chopyapyalacho chimawomberedwa kukhala filimu ya tubula yokhala ndi m'mimba mwake yokulirapo (yomwe imadziwika kuti bubble chubu), ndipo imakulungidwa pambuyo pozizira.
2) Hollow Kuwomba Kuumba
Hollow blow molding ndi njira yachiwiri yopangira mphira yomwe imapangitsa kuti parishi yofanana ndi mphira yomwe imatsekeka mu nkhungu kukhala chinthu chopanda kanthu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mpweya.Ndipo ndi njira yopangira zinthu zapulasitiki zopanda kanthu.Kumangirira kopanda phokoso kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi njira yopangira ndende, kuphatikiza kuwulutsa nkhonya, kuumba jekeseni, ndi kuumba kwamphamvu.
1))Kukonzekera kwa Extrusion:Ndiko kutulutsa parison ya tubular ndi extruder, ndikuyiyika mu nkhungu ndikusindikiza pansi pakutentha.Ndiye kudutsa wothinikizidwa mpweya kulowa mkati mkati chubu akusowekapo ndi kuwomba mu mawonekedwe.
2))Kupanga jekeseni:Parison yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imapezedwa ndi jekeseni.Parison imakhalabe pachimake cha nkhungu.Pambuyo nkhungu kutsekedwa ndi nkhungu kuwomba, wothinikizidwa mpweya kudutsa pachimake nkhungu.Parisonyo imatenthedwa, itakhazikika, ndipo zinthuzo zimapezedwa pambuyo powonongeka.
Ubwino:
Makulidwe a khoma la mankhwalawa ndi yunifolomu, kulolerana kwa kulemera kumakhala kochepa, kupititsa patsogolo kumakhala kochepa, ndipo ngodya zonyansa ndizochepa.
Ndizoyenera kupanga zinthu zazing'ono zoyengedwa ndi magulu akuluakulu.
3))Stretch blowing:Parison yomwe yatenthedwa ndi kutentha kotambasula imayikidwa mu nkhungu yowombera.Chogulitsacho chimapezeka mwa kutambasula motalika ndi ndodo yotambasula ndikutambasula mozungulira ndi mpweya woponderezedwa.
Ntchito:
(1) Kujambula filimu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga pulasitiki woonda.
(2) Kubowola kopanda phokoso kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zapulasitiki zopanda kanthu (mabotolo, migolo yonyamula, zitini zothirira, matanki amafuta, zitini, zoseweretsa, ndi zina).
Extrusion Molding
Extrusion akamaumba makamaka oyenera akamaumba thermoplastics komanso ndi oyenera akamaumba ena thermosetting ndi zitsulo pulasitiki pulasitiki ndi fluidity wabwino.Njira yowumba ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito screw yozungulira kutulutsa zida zotenthetsera komanso zosungunuka za thermoplastic kuchokera pamutu ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira.Kenaka amapangidwa ndi shaper, ndiyeno amazizidwa ndi kulimba ndi ozizira kuti akhale mankhwala ndi gawo lofunikira.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
(1) Zida zotsika mtengo.
(2) Opaleshoniyo ndi yosavuta, ndondomekoyi ndi yosavuta kulamulira, ndipo ndi yabwino kuzindikira mosalekeza kupanga basi.
(3) Kuchita bwino kwambiri.
(4) Ubwino wa mankhwalawa ndi yunifolomu komanso wandiweyani.
(5) Zogulitsa kapena zotsirizidwa zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ophatikizika zimatha kupangidwa mwakusintha kufa kwa mutu wamakina.
Ntchito:
M'munda wa kupanga mankhwala, akamaumba extrusion ali applicability wamphamvu.Mitundu ya zinthu extruded monga mapaipi, mafilimu, ndodo, monofilaments, matepi lathyathyathya, maukonde, muli dzenje, mazenera, mafelemu zitseko, mbale, cladding chingwe, monofilaments, ndi zipangizo zina zapadera zoboola pakati.
Calendar (mapepala, filimu)
Calendering ndi njira yomwe zida za pulasitiki zimadutsa mumtundu wa zodzigudubuza zotenthetsera kuti zilumikizidwe kukhala mafilimu kapena ma sheet pansi pakuchita kwa extrusion ndi kutambasula.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
Ubwino:
(1) Good mankhwala khalidwe, mphamvu yaikulu kupanga, ndi basi mosalekeza kupanga.
(2) Zoipa: zida zazikulu, zofunikira zolondola kwambiri, zida zambiri zothandizira, ndi m'lifupi mwazinthu zimachepetsedwa ndi kutalika kwa chogudubuza cha kalendala.
Ntchito:
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga filimu yofewa ya PVC, mapepala, zikopa zopangira, mapepala apamwamba, zikopa zapansi, etc.
Compression Molding
Kumangirira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mapulasitiki a thermosetting.Malinga ndi katundu wa zipangizo akamaumba ndi makhalidwe a processing zipangizo ndi luso, psinjika akamaumba akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri: psinjika akamaumba ndi lamination akamaumba.
1) Compression Kuumba
Kupaka compress ndiye njira yayikulu yopangira mapulasitiki a thermosetting ndi mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa.Njirayi ndi kukakamiza zopangira mu nkhungu zomwe zatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwapadera kotero kuti zopangira zisungunuke ndikuyenda ndikudzaza nkhungu mofanana.Pambuyo pa nthawi inayake pansi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika, zopangira zimapangidwa kukhala mankhwala.Makina opangira compressamagwiritsa ntchito ndondomekoyi.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
Zopangidwa zowumbidwa zimakhala zokhuthala, kukula kwake, zosalala komanso zosalala, zopanda zipata, komanso kukhazikika kwabwino.
Ntchito:
Pakati pazinthu zamakampani, zinthu zopangidwa ndi zida zamagetsi (mapulagi ndi zitsulo), zogwirira ntchito za mphika, zogwirira ntchito pa tebulo, zisoti za botolo, zimbudzi, mbale zosasweka (zomba za melamine), zitseko zapulasitiki zojambulidwa, ndi zina zambiri.
2) Kujambula kwa Lamination
Lamination akamaumba ndi njira kaphatikizidwe zigawo ziwiri kapena zingapo zofanana kapena zosiyana zipangizo zonse ndi pepala kapena fibrous zipangizo monga fillers pansi kutentha ndi kupanikizika mikhalidwe.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
Njira yopangira lamination imakhala ndi magawo atatu: impregnation, kukanikiza, ndi post-processing.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mapepala apulasitiki olimba, mapaipi, ndodo, ndi zinthu zachitsanzo.Maonekedwe ake ndi wandiweyani ndipo pamwamba pake ndi osalala komanso oyera.
Compression jekeseni Kumangira
Compression jakisoni akamaumba ndi thermosetting pulasitiki akamaumba njira yopangidwa pamaziko a compression akamaumba, amatchedwanso kusamutsa akamaumba.Njirayi ikufanana ndi njira yopangira jekeseni.Pamene psinjika jekeseni akamaumba, pulasitiki ndi plasticized mu kudyetsa patsekeke wa nkhungu ndiyeno kulowa patsekeke kudzera pa gating dongosolo.Kumangira jekeseni kumapangidwa ndi pulasitiki mu mbiya yamakina omangira jekeseni.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa jekeseni wa jekeseni ndikumangirira: njira yopangira makina ndi kudyetsa zinthuzo poyamba kenako ndikutseka nkhungu, pamene jekeseni nthawi zambiri imafunika kuti nkhungu itsekedwe musanadye.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
Ubwino: (poyerekeza ndi compression akamaumba)
(1) Pulasitiki idapangidwa ndi pulasitiki isanalowe m'bowo, ndipo imatha kupanga zida zapulasitiki zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, makoma opyapyala kapena kusintha kwakukulu kwa makulidwe a khoma, ndi zoyika bwino.
(2) Kufupikitsa kuzungulira akamaumba, kukonza bwino kupanga, ndi kusintha kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu mbali pulasitiki.
(3) Popeza nkhungu imatsekedwa kwathunthu pamaso pa pulasitiki, kung'anima kwa malo olekanitsa kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, kotero kulondola kwa gawo la pulasitiki ndikosavuta kutsimikizira, ndipo kuuma kwapamwamba kumakhala kochepa.
Zochepa:
(1) Nthawi zonse padzakhala gawo la zinthu zotsalira zomwe zidzasiyidwe m'chipinda chodyera, ndipo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zipangizo kumakhala kwakukulu.
(2) Kudula zikhomo kumawonjezera ntchito.
(3) Kuponderezedwa kowumbidwa ndi kwakukulu kuposa komwe kumapangidwira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa shrinkage ndikokulirapo kuposa kuponderezana.
(4) Mapangidwe a nkhungu amakhalanso ovuta kuposa a nkhungu yoponderezedwa.
(5) Zinthu ndondomeko ndi okhwima kuposa psinjika akamaumba, ndipo ntchito ndi zovuta.
Kujambula Kozungulira
Kumangirira kozungulira ndikuwonjezera zopangira za pulasitiki mu nkhungu, ndiyeno nkhunguyo imazunguliridwa mosalekeza pamodzi ndi nkhwangwa ziwiri zoyimirira ndikutenthedwa.Pansi pa mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu matenthedwe, pulasitiki zopangira mu nkhungu pang'onopang'ono ndi uniformly TACHIMATA ndi kusungunuka, ndi kutsatira padziko lonse la nkhungu patsekeke.Kupangidwa mu mawonekedwe ofunikira, kenako utakhazikika ndikuwumbidwa, kugwetsedwa, ndipo pamapeto pake, mankhwalawa amapezedwa.
Ubwino:
(1) Perekani malo ambiri opangira komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zochitira msonkhano.
(2) Kusintha kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika.
(3) Sungani zipangizo.
Ntchito:
Polo yamadzi, mpira woyandama, dziwe losambira laling'ono, pampando wa njinga, bolodi losambira, choyikapo makina, chivundikiro choteteza, nyali, chopopera mbewu mankhwalawa, mipando, bwato, denga lamoto wamsasa, ndi zina zambiri.
Eight, Pulasitiki Drop Molding
Dontho akamaumba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito thermoplastic polima zipangizo ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, viscous kuyenda pansi pa zinthu zina, ndi makhalidwe kubwerera ku cholimba kutentha firiji.Ndipo gwiritsani ntchito njira yoyenera ndi zida zapadera za inkjet.M'mawonekedwe ake othamanga, amawumbidwa mu mawonekedwe opangidwa monga momwe amafunira ndiyeno amalimbitsa kutentha.Njira yaukadaulo imaphatikizapo magawo atatu: kuyeza guluu-kugwetsa pulasitiki-kuzizira ndi kulimba.
Ubwino:
(1) Chogulitsacho chimakhala chowonekera bwino komanso chonyezimira.
(2) Lili ndi zinthu zakuthupi monga anti-friction, madzi, ndi kuipitsidwa.
(3) Ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera amitundu itatu.
Ntchito:
Magolovesi apulasitiki, mabaluni, makondomu, ndi zina zotero.
Kupanga Matuza
Kupanga matuza, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti vacuum forming, ndi imodzi mwa njira zopangira thermoplastic thermoforming.Zimatanthawuza kukanikizidwa kwa pepala kapena mbale pamakina a makina opangira vacuum.Pambuyo pakuwotcha ndi kufewetsa, imayikidwa pa nkhungu ndi vacuum kudzera munjira ya mpweya pamphepete mwa nkhungu.Pambuyo pa kuzizira kwakanthawi kochepa, zinthu zapulasitiki zoumbidwa zimapezedwa.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
Njira zopangira vacuum makamaka zimaphatikizira kupanga vacuum ya concave kufa, kupanga vacuum ya concave ndi convex kufa motsatizana, kupanga vacuum yowomba, kupanga vacuum yopukutira, kupanga vacuum ndi chipangizo chotchingira mpweya, ndi zina zambiri.
Ubwino:
Zipangizozi ndizosavuta, nkhungu siziyenera kupirira kukakamizidwa ndipo zimatha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo, matabwa, kapena gypsum, ndikufulumira kupanga komanso kugwira ntchito mosavuta.
Ntchito:
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzopaka zamkati ndi kunja kwa chakudya, zodzoladzola, zamagetsi, zida, zoseweretsa, zaluso, zamankhwala, zamankhwala, zofunikira zatsiku ndi tsiku, zolembera, ndi mafakitale ena;makapu otayira, makapu osiyanasiyana ooneka ngati chikho, ndi zina zotero, thireyi mabango, mbande mbande, degradable kusala kudya mabokosi.
Slush Molding
Kumangira matope ndikuthira pulasitiki phala (plastisol) mu nkhungu (concave kapena chikombole chachikazi) chomwe chimatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwina.The phala pulasitiki pafupi khoma lamkati nkhungu patsekeke adzakhala gel osakaniza chifukwa kutentha, ndiyeno kutsanulira phala pulasitiki kuti alibe gelled.Njira kutentha mankhwala (kuphika ndi kusungunuka) phala pulasitiki Ufumuyo mkati khoma la nkhungu patsekeke, ndiyeno kuzirala kuti apeze dzenje mankhwala nkhungu.
Zochita za ndondomeko:
(1) Mtengo wotsika wa zida, komanso liwiro lalikulu lopanga.
(2) Kuwongolera njira ndi kophweka, koma kulondola kwa makulidwe, ndi khalidwe (kulemera) kwa mankhwala ndi osauka.
Ntchito:
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pama dashboard amagalimoto apamwamba kwambiri ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimafuna kukhudza kwambiri m'manja ndi zowoneka bwino, zoseweretsa zapulasitiki zotayirira, ndi zina zambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-19-2023
