Forging ndi dzina lophatikizana la kupanga ndi kusindikiza.Ndi njira yopangira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nyundo, chivundikiro, ndi nkhonya ya makina opukutira kapena nkhungu kuti ikakamize zomwe zilibe kanthu kuti zipangitse kupunduka kwa pulasitiki kupeza magawo a mawonekedwe ndi kukula kofunikira.
Kupanga ndi chiyani
Pakupanga, chilichonse chopanda kanthu chimakhala ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa pulasitiki komanso kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki.Pakupondaponda, chopandacho chimapangidwa makamaka posintha malo a gawo lililonse la gawo, ndipo palibe kutuluka kwa pulasitiki pamtunda waukulu mkati mwake.Kupanga kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza zitsulo.Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonza zinthu zina zosakhala zitsulo, monga mapulasitiki aumisiri, mphira, zomangira zadothi, njerwa, ndi kupanga zinthu zophatikizika.
Kugudubuza, kujambula, etc. m'mafakitale opanga zitsulo ndi zitsulo zonse ndi pulasitiki kapena kupanikizika.Komabe, forging imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zitsulo, pomwe kugudubuza ndi kujambula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zida zachitsulo monga mbale, mizere, mapaipi, mbiri, ndi mawaya.
Gulu la Forging
Forging imayikidwa makamaka molingana ndi njira yopangira ndi kutentha kwa deformation.Malingana ndi njira yopangira, kupeka kungagawidwe m'magulu awiri: kupeka ndi kupondaponda.Malinga ndi kutentha kwa deformation, forging imatha kugawidwa m'malo otentha, kufota kozizira, kufota kofunda, ndi kufota kwa isothermal, ndi zina zambiri.
1. Kupanga kotentha
Hot forging ndi kupanga anachita pamwamba recrystallization kutentha kwa zitsulo.Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumatha kupititsa patsogolo pulasitiki yachitsulo, yomwe imakhala yopindulitsa kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe lamkati la workpiece ndikupangitsa kuti zisawonongeke.Kutentha kwapamwamba kungathenso kuchepetsa kukana kwazitsulo zachitsulo ndikuchepetsa matani ofunikirakukonza makina.Komabe, pali njira zambiri zowotchera zotentha, kulondola kwa workpiece ndi koyipa, komanso pamwamba sikosalala.Ndipo ma forgings amatha kukhala oxidation, decarburization, ndi kuwonongeka kwawotcha.Pamene workpiece ndi yaikulu komanso yokhuthala, zinthuzo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso pulasitiki yochepa (monga kupindika kwa mbale zowonjezera, kujambula kwazitsulo zazitsulo za carbon, etc.), ndi kufota kotentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kupangira kutentha ndi: mpweya zitsulo 800 ~ 1250 ℃;aloyi structural zitsulo 850 ~ 1150 ℃;mkulu liwiro zitsulo 900 ~ 1100 ℃;ambiri ntchito zotayidwa aloyi 380 ~ 500 ℃;aloyi 850 ~ 1000 ℃;mkuwa 700 ~ 900 ℃.
2. Kuzizira kozizira
Cold forging ndi forging anachita pansi pa zitsulo recrystallization kutentha.Nthawi zambiri, kuzizira kozizira kumatanthawuza kupangira kutentha kwa chipinda.
Zogwirira ntchito zopangidwa ndi kuzizira kozizira kutentha kutentha zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso olondola kwambiri, malo osalala, masitepe ochepa okonzekera, ndipo ndizosavuta kupanga zokha.Zigawo zambiri zoziziritsa kuzizira komanso zozizira zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magawo kapena zinthu popanda kufunikira kwa makina.Komabe, pakuzizira kozizira, chifukwa cha kutsika kwachitsulo kwachitsulo, kusweka ndikosavuta kuchitika panthawi yopindika ndipo kukana kwa deformation kumakhala kwakukulu, komwe kumafunikira makina opangira matani akulu.
3. Kumanga kofunda
Forging pa kutentha kuposa kutentha yachibadwa koma osapitirira kutentha recrystallization amatchedwa ofunda forging.Chitsulocho chimatenthedwa, ndipo kutentha kwa kutentha kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kutentha kotentha.Kupanga kofunda kumakhala kolondola kwambiri, kosalala bwino, komanso kukana kupindika kochepa.
4. Isothermal forging
Isothermal forging imasunga kutentha kosasinthika nthawi yonse yopanga.Isothermal forging ndikugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira pulasitiki yapamwamba yazitsulo zina pa kutentha komweko kapena kupeza zida ndi katundu.Isothermal forging imafuna kusunga nkhungu ndi zinthu zoipa pa kutentha kosalekeza, zomwe zimafuna ndalama zambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zapadera, monga kupanga superplastic.
Makhalidwe a Forging
Kupanga kungasinthe kapangidwe kachitsulo ndikuwongolera zitsulo.Pambuyo pa ingot yotentha, kutayika koyambirira, pores, ming'alu yaying'ono, ndi zina zambiri m'malo oponyedwa amapangidwa kapena kuwotcherera.Ma dendrites oyambilira amathyoledwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zikhale bwino.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulekanitsa koyambirira kwa carbide ndi kugawa kosagwirizana kumasinthidwa.Pangani yunifolomu ya kapangidwe kake, kuti mupeze zopangira zolimba, zofananira, zabwino, zogwira ntchito bwino, komanso zodalirika pakugwiritsa ntchito.Pambuyo popunduka ndi kufota kotentha, chitsulo chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a ulusi.Pambuyo pozizira kozizira, kristalo wachitsulo amakhala mwadongosolo.
Kupanga ndi kupanga chitsulo kuyenda pulasitiki kupanga workpiece wa mawonekedwe ankafuna.Kuchuluka kwachitsulo sikumasintha pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa pulasitiki chifukwa cha mphamvu yakunja, ndipo zitsulo nthawi zonse zimapita ku gawo ndi kukana kochepa.Popanga, mawonekedwe a workpiece nthawi zambiri amawongoleredwa molingana ndi malamulowa kuti akwaniritse zopindika monga makulidwe, kukulitsa, kukulitsa, kupindika, ndi kujambula kozama.
Kukula kwa workpiece yopangidwa ndi yolondola ndipo imathandizira kukonza zopanga zambiri.Miyeso ya kupanga nkhungu pamapulogalamu monga forging, extrusion, ndi stamping ndi yolondola komanso yokhazikika.Makina opangira zida zapamwamba kwambiri komanso mizere yopangira zodziwikiratu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza misa kapena kupanga misa.
Makina opangira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza nyundo,makina osindikizira a hydraulic, ndi makina osindikizira.Nyundo yopangira nyundo imakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu, lomwe limapindulitsa pakuyenda kwa pulasitiki kwachitsulo, koma limatulutsa kugwedezeka.Makina osindikizira a hydraulic amagwiritsa ntchito static forging, yomwe imakhala yopindulitsa popanga zitsulo ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake.Ntchitoyi ndi yokhazikika, koma zokolola ndizochepa.Makina osindikizira ali ndi sitiroko yokhazikika ndipo ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito makina ndi makina.
Njira Yachitukuko cha Forging Technology
1) Kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe lamkati la ziwalo zopangira, makamaka kupititsa patsogolo makina awo (mphamvu, pulasitiki, kulimba, kutopa mphamvu) ndi kudalirika.
Izi zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chiphunzitso cha pulasitiki mapindikidwe zitsulo.Ikani zinthu zamtundu wabwinoko, monga chitsulo chosakanizidwa ndi vacuum ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.Chitani zotenthetsera zopangira kale ndikuwongolera kutentha moyenera.Kuyesa kopitilira muyeso komanso kopitilira muyeso kosawononga kwa magawo abodza.
2) Kupitilira apo, pitilizani ukadaulo wowongolera bwino komanso ukadaulo wosindikiza.Kukonzekera kosadula ndiye muyeso wofunikira kwambiri komanso chitsogozo chamakampani opanga makina kuti apititse patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kukonza zokolola zantchito, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.Kupititsa patsogolo kutentha kwa mpweya wopanda okosijeni wa zinthu zofowoka, komanso kuuma kwambiri, kusavala, zida za nkhungu za moyo wautali komanso njira zochizira pamwamba, zimathandizira kukulitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kufota mwatsatanetsatane komanso kupondaponda molondola.
3) Konzani zida zopangira ndi kupanga mizere yopangira zopanga zapamwamba komanso zodzichitira.Popanga mwapadera, zokolola za antchito zimakwera kwambiri ndipo ndalama zopangira zida zimachepetsedwa.
4) Pangani njira zosinthira zopangira (kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamagulu, kusintha mwachangu kufa, ndi zina).Izi zimathandizira kupanga mitundu ingapo, yamagulu ang'onoang'ono kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso makina opangira makina kapena mizere yopangira.Pangani zokolola zake ndi chuma chake kukhala pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa kupanga kwakukulu.
5) Pangani zida zatsopano, monga kupangira njira zopangira zitsulo zopangira ufa (makamaka zitsulo zosanjikiza ziwiri), zitsulo zamadzimadzi, mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi CHIKWANGWANI, ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika.Pangani matekinoloje monga superplastic forming, high-energy forming, and internal-high-pressing forming.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-04-2024
